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When bones fracture, they can remain confined in the intact skin (closed fractures) or they can injure the skin: bone stumps protrude and communicate with the outside.
These types of fractures are called ‘exposed fractures’.
Fractures of this type carry a high risk of infection and bleeding and require antibiotic and surgical treatment.
A fracture is called a ‘compound’ fracture when the two bone stumps are aligned, as opposed to a ‘displaced’ fracture where the two stumps are not aligned.
Depending on the displacement of the stumps, compound fractures can be:
In the case of a compound one, the difficulty of treatment by the doctor is undoubtedly minor, while in the case of a decomposed one (like the one of ulna and radius that you see in the picture below) manipulation for reduction is required, in some cases by means of surgery.
A further distinction is between physiological and pathological fractures.
Physiological fractures occur in a healthy bone that has been subjected to trauma and represent the most common type of bone fracture.
Pathological fractures, on the other hand, occur in a weakened bone due to pathology, such as a tumour or metastasis that slowly erodes the bone until it fractures.
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